Would a Victorian-era child survive the miracles of the modern day?

You’ve probably seen memes about Victorian children not being able to survive drinking a McDonald’s Sprite because it’s so fizzy, or eating a spoonful of Taki powder because it’s too spicy, the Victorian era spanning the majority of the 19th century. If you haven’t, well, it’s a common joke online to say that a Victorian child couldn’t survive the wonders the modern era has to offer, whether it be a very spicy snack or loud music like heavy metal. What exactly is the reasoning behind saying that? It’s sparked debate online: most people believe that a Victorian-era child would not survive consuming a lot of modern-day food, while a handful argue that if those children could survive unsanitary conditions, they could survive eating a spicy chip today. But what would actually happen? Since the Victorian age, we’ve made some clear medical progress and we’ve also evolved further as humans. Let’s take a deeper look into how humans have evolved biologically since the Victorian era and finally answer the question: would a Victorian-era child survive the miracles of the modern day? 

Historically, the average life expectancy for a newborn infant in the 19th century was 41 years, whereas in 2021, it was 79 years. What this means is that anyone born in 2021 is expected to live almost twice as long as someone born in the Victorian era, for a multitude of reasons. The primary reason for such a low life expectancy was because infant mortality rate was very high; many infants would not live to their first birthday, significantly dropping the overall life expectancy. Lower class children were usually forced into labor that entailed dangerous working conditions that would often result in a multitude of health conditions and deaths. Public health was not as advanced back then as it is now, so people who contracted diseases were mostly likely to succumb to their illness. 

In fact, the medicine of this era was a concoction of drugs that would not be found in normal medicine today, like cocaine, morphine and opium. Morphine could be found in soothing syrups, while opium was widely used for treating coughing and diarrhea. Many children would often die as a result of consuming this medicine, and those who didn’t would most likely develop an addiction to it. Many of these medicines would lead to serious medical complications, such as destruction of the teeth and jaws and organ damage.

Another factor to consider in this debate is the type of food consumed in the Victorian era. Most people in this time period depended on seasonal crops, and the food for the working class was often lacking in flavor. Most of their meals were fruits and  vegetables available in that season and were usually accompanied with bread. Meat was expensive for poor families, while middle and upper class families could indulge in imported foods that contained sugar and coffee. As a result, most of the food was rather bland as seasonings were more of a luxury. Most meals were accompanied with low alcohol beer, as beer tended to be cleaner than the water available. 

All that being said, let’s finally answer the big question. Today’s foods tend to be very processed and contain a variety of different chemical preservatives to ensure it lasts longer.  Realistically, a Victorian child would not die from eating a Taki. However, that doesn’t mean they’d be perfectly okay after consuming modern-day food. Today’s food would contain a large amount of unfamiliar bacteria that would most likely lead to stomach issues, and in the long run, if consumed regularly, death. Victorian children already had weakened immune systems, so consuming something that contains a lot of chemicals would worsen their condition. Prolonged consumption of modern-day food would surely lead to major health issues if not death. Additionally, one serving of modern-day would probably cause a lot of stomach issues due to gastric distress from unfamiliar seasonings and excess sugar. Modern age food is prepared for modern taste, and it’s important to remember that the average Victorian child didn’t consume heavily seasoned food. So while it’s funny to think about it, one single serving of modern-day food would not kill a Victorian child. It’s a different story if they’re eating it regularly, but one serving would at most lead to an upset stomach. 

 

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  Timothy Durham was convicted of rape when a test showed his DNA genotype matched the DNA recovered from the crime scene. Eye witnesses testified that Durham was in a different state at the time of the incident, but he wasn’t exonerated from his 3000 year sentence until follow up DNA analysis showed that the preliminary forensic analysis used in the trial was misinterpreted (Thomas et al.). DNA testing serves an invaluable part in our criminal justice system, but it comes with complications and bias that can lead to wrongful convictions and misinformed juries.  

Background:

Forensic genetics aims to identify the origin of a biological sample. It can be traced back to Karl Landsteiner who discovered human ABO blood groups. With blood groups, suspects could be eliminated based on their blood type. For example, if a suspect had type A blood and there was type B blood left at the scene by the perpetrator, the investigators could rule out the suspect. Unfortunately, the reverse didn’t work. If the suspect and perpetrator both had the same blood type, it can’t be concluded that the suspect was guilty. Blood identifiers evolved into 8 distinct categories which improved the ability to eliminate suspects, but could only conclude that (if the system matched) it might be the perpetrator or this person might be related to the perpetrator (Jobling and Gill). The field evolved in the 1980s with the discovery of Minisatellites, lines of repetitive DNA that don’t encode proteins. Minisatellite patterns in DNA create what we know today as the DNA fingerprint, and it has a much higher accuracy rate than previous methods (Augustyn et al.). Around the same time, a breakthrough for victims of sexual assault was discovered. In the case of assault, bodily fluids of both the victim and the assaulter can get mixed. A process called differential lysis was created which could selectively increase the concentration of sperm in a fluid sample thereby allowing for accurate DNA testing (Jobling and Gill). Forensics evolved to use single-locus probe testing after several years because of its ease of interpretation. It looked at specific minisatellites that had high variability between subjects. This was the first DNA-based method to be used in a criminal investigation. Two murder homicides from several years apart were connected using DNA evidence. The evidence was then used to exonerate an innocent man, and the guilty party was found when he tried to evade mandatory DNA testing for all men in the small town. His guilt was then reinforced when the DNA profiles matched, and he gave a confession (Jobling and Gill). Finding DNA at a crime scene doesn’t guarantee that you’ll find a murderer. There are issues with non-pure samples and limited samples that make DNA work difficult, and accreditation of facilities and new techniques and take time (Jobling and Gill).  

Subjectivity of DNA Interpretation:

In a 2009 publication, the National Academy of Science discusses the possibility for subjective influence in lab based forensics. The interpretation bias happens in complex cases where, for example, there could be a mixture of DNA. A study published in 2011 looked specifically at this issue. A gang rape happened in Georgia, and the mixture in DNA from the case was used to prosecute one suspect after another suspect took a plea bargain to testify against him. With DNA mixtures, there are three possible conclusions: suspect excluded, suspect cannot be excluded, and inconclusive. If the suspect is excluded, it means that there’s little to no possibility that his DNA is part of the sample. If the suspect cannot be excluded, it means that there’s a possibility that his DNA is part of the sample. In the trial, the DNA examiners who knew the context of the case concluded that the suspect being prosecuted could not be excluded. The 2011 study gave the DNA evidence from this case and the DNA profiles of the suspects to 17 forensic examiners. These examiners had no context of the case, and they all worked independently. Of the 17, only 1 came to the same conclusion (suspect cannot be excluded) as the examiners who knew the context of the case. Twelve of the 17 concluded that the suspect who was prosecuted and convicted had no relation to the DNA found in the sample. Not only does this show that subjectivity occurs due to the context of the case, but the 17 examiners came up with different findings based on their past experiences meaning that not all DNA analysis is objective. Some organizations like the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods say that quantitative statistical evidence should be presented with every categorical conclusion, but the US doesn’t require this (Dror and Hampikian).

False Positives:

There are two categories that cause wrongful identification in a DNA report: coincidental matches and false positives. Coincidental matches are DNA matches between two unrelated people. The probability of these matches is about 1 to 500,000 for white individuals and about 1 to 350,000 for black individuals. This small probability of coincidental matches makes people feel confident in DNA evidence. False positives, on the other hand, are matches between DNA and test DNA that result from issues in the forensics lab. There have been multiple cases of forensics labs accidentally switching victim and suspected rapist DNA which lead to convictions that were later overturned when the lab realized the error. There are also cases of misreading or misunderstanding a sample. In a case from 1993, a man was convicted of rape because someone interpreted a mixed sample of victim and perpetrator DNA as an individual sample. The conviction was again overturned. To prevent false convictions, retesting DNA is allowed, but it’s not an efficient solution. Many people are pushing for statistical information on the probability of false positives, so that the jurors can make accurate judgements based on DNA evidence (Thomas et al.).  

Conclusion:

DNA analysis is a useful tool for the criminal justice system, but subjectivity can be an issue in forensic testing. To combat wrongful convictions, there are organizations like The Innocence Project who use DNA testing to free the innocent, but reformed forensic testing standards should be put in place to prevent subjectivity and to ensure juries are correctly informed during trials. https://www.innocenceproject.org/    

Citation:

Augustyn , Adam, et al. “DNA Finerprinting.” Encyclopedia Britannica , 26 Apr. 2018, www.britannica.com/science/DNA-fingerprinting#ref153186. Dror, Itiel E., and Greg Hampikian. “Subjectivity and Bias in Forensic DNA Mixture Interpretation.” Science & Justice, vol. 51, no. 4, 2011, pp. 204–208., doi:10.1016/j.scijus.2011.08.004. Jobling, Mark A., and Peter Gill. “Encoded Evidence: DNA in Forensic Analysis.” Nature Reviews: Genetics, vol. 5, no. 10, Oct. 2004, pp. 739–751., doi:10.1038/nrg1455. Thompson, William C, et al. “How the Probability of a False Positive Affects the Value of DNA Evidence.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 48, no. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 1–8., doi:10.1520/jfs2001171.